Guide to Seeing Bears in Canada

Canada hosts a range of bear species, making it one of the important regions in the world for bear biodiversity. From polar bears to grizzly bears and black bears, these magnificent creatures play a crucial part in the ecosystem — controlling insect populations and even affecting forest vegetation. 

The local travel experts at Canadian Train Vacations help visitors to Canada plan their trips, including tours to see wildlife such as bears.  In this guide, we explore the habitats and unique traits of bears in Canada, so you can have a better idea of what you're about to encounter on your tour. 

If you're eager to observe bears in Canada, there are several popular spots known for bear sightings. The best times to see these bears vary, depending on their hibernation schedules and feeding habits. 

Banff and Jasper 

Found within the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Banff and Jasper National Parks are prime locations for spotting black bears and grizzly bears. 

[ Read: What to do in Jasper ]

These parks offer bear viewing opportunities during the warmer months typically from April to November, when they emerge from hibernation and are often seen foraging for food.  

[ Read: Things to do in Jasper National Park ]

Haida Gwaii 

Haida Gwaii, an archipelago off British Columbia's northern Pacific coast, is home to a unique subspecies of black bear. These bears are often seen on remote beaches and creek mouths between May and October, particularly during the salmon spawning season in late summer and early fall.  

Churchill 

Recognized as the "Polar Bear Capital of the World", Churchill in northern Manitoba is a prime location to see these majestic creatures. 

[ Read: Things to do in Manitoba ]

The best time for viewing polar bears in Churchill is during the fall (October and November) when bears begin their move from their summer habitat on the tundra back to seal hunting territory on the ice that forms over Hudson Bay. 

Canada is home to a diverse range of bear species, with unique traits and adaptations. Let's touch on the types of bears in Canada, their distribution, key characteristics, and diets.  

Polar Bears 

Polar bears are primarily found in Canada's Arctic regions, and the country hosts around two-thirds of the world's polar bear population. 

These majestic animals have white fur for camouflage, large bodies to retain heat, and a layer of blubber to insulate them in the cold Arctic climate. Polar bears rely on seals as their primary food source, using sea ice as a platform to hunt.  

Grizzly Bears 

Grizzly bears, a subspecies of brown bears, inhabit various parts of Canada, including the Rockies, Northern British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. 

They have a large size, humped shoulders, and thick fur ranging from light brown to nearly black. Grizzly bears have an omnivorous diet that consists of berries, roots, small mammals, and salmon during spawning season.  

Black Bears 

Black bears are the smallest and most widespread bear species in Canada, found in most provinces and territories except for Prince Edward Island. 

Their fur color can range from black to brown and even blonde. These bears are omnivorous, mostly feeding on plants, fruits, insects, and occasionally small mammals or carrion.  

Kermode (Spirit) Bears 

The Kermode bear, also known as the Spirit bear, is a subspecies of black bear with a unique white or cream-colored coat resulting from a recessive gene. 

They are found only in the Great Bear Rainforest in British Columbia. Their diet is similar to that of black bears, consuming various plants, fruits, insects, and fish. 

[ Read: Best Time to visit Canada ]

Understanding bear behavior, implementing prevention tactics, and knowing how to respond to an encounter can ensure both your and the bears' safety. 

Human-bear encounters can range from sightings to close encounters or unfortunate instances of a bear attack. 

Sightings: If you spot a bear in the distance, the safest course of action is simple: enjoy the experience, but avoid attracting the bear's attention. Do not approach or attempt to get closer for a better view or photograph. 

Close Encounters: If you find yourself in a closer encounter with a bear in Canada, it's important to remain calm. Speak in low tones, avoid direct eye contact which bears may perceive as a threat, and slowly back away without turning your back on the bear. 

Bears generally prefer to avoid humans, but hunger, the presence of cubs, or surprise can lead to encounters. Bears foraging for food may come into human-inhabited areas and can become aggressive if they feel threatened. 

Prevention is always a superior strategy in limiting human-bear interactions: 

• Maintain a clean environment in bear-prone regions 
• Dispose of food waste properly to avoid attracting bears 
• Carry bear spray — a type of pepper spray proven effective in deterring bears during close encounters. 

It is important to remember that wild animals are unpredictable and can pose dangers, a harsh truth showed by the recent tragedy (October 2023) in Banff National Park. 

Despite being seasoned hikers, equipped with bear-proof food bags and bear spray, the couple and their dog suffered severe injuries, ultimately succumbing to them. They alerted authorities via an SOS message, yet it was too late. 

The tragic event emphasizes the importance of understanding safety measures while visiting areas inhabited by bears in Canada. 

1. Handling an Attack 

The chance of being attacked by a bear is extremely rare. However, in such cases, the proper response depends on the type of bear. 

If a grizzly bear attacks, lie flat on your stomach, clasping your hands behind your neck, and spread your legs to prevent the bear from flipping you over. If a black bear attacks, either try to escape if possible or fight back using any available objects and aim for the face. 

2. Aggressive Behavior and Warning Signs 

While bears aren't naturally aggressive towards humans, certain circumstances can trigger defensive or territorial behavior. 

Clear warning signs include vocalizations like yawning and jaw-clacking. You'll also witness forceful front paw pounding with huffs. These behaviors indicate a stressed bear about to charge. 

Typically, a bear preparing to charge will have a lowered head, ears directed backward, and show a fast, train-like approach towards the threat. 

Bears may display defensive actions when they feel threatened, for example, if they're guarding a food source or their young. Recognizing these warning signs is crucial for safety during potential encounters with bears in Canada. 

3. Bear Spray and Other Prevention Tactics 

The recent grizzly bear attack in Banff National Park is a stark reminder of the wild's unpredictability. This is why bear spray is a crucial preventive measure for anyone who ventures into wilderness areas in Canada — where there is a high chance of bear encounters. 

Bear spray, which contains capsaicin swells the membranes of the nose, eyes, and lungs, causing temporary loss of sight and breathing restriction. 

Aside from carrying bear spray, other prevention tactics reduce the likelihood of bear encounters: 

• Stay alert and aware of your surroundings. 
• Make noise to prevent startling bears unexpectedly. 
• In groups, stick together to appear larger and more intimidating. 
• When camping, store food and toiletries properly to not attract bears. 

These measures, combined with a healthy respect for wildlife, can significantly lower the risk of encounters and reduce potential conflicts with bears in Canada. 

4. Response Teams and Park Authorities 

Response teams and park authorities include wildlife management experts, park rangers, and local law enforcement — all trained to handle situations involving bears in Canada and other wildlife. 

Their responsibilities include: 

• Managing bear populations to maintain a healthy balance between wildlife and human activity. This often involves tagging and monitoring bear populations. 
• Addressing reported human-bear encounters, which may involve relocating a bear if it repeatedly comes into conflict with humans. 
• Educating the public about bear safety and promoting practices that reduce the risk of encounters. 
• Ensuring the park is clean and protected. 

These teams collaborate closely to respond to incidents involving bears, analyze bear behavior, and assess risk levels in different areas to promote public safety. 

Through the significant work of these individuals, Canada's wilderness spaces remain accessible and safe for everyone. They also provide an environment where bears and other wildlife can thrive. 

Canada is home to three major species of bears: the black bear, grizzly bear, and polar bear. Each bear stands out with unique features. 

1. Black Bear (Ursus americanus) 

• Size and Color: They are generally smaller than other bears, with adults standing roughly 0.9 metres (2 to 3 feet) at shoulder height when on all fours. Though commonly black, their fur can vary greatly from black to brown, and cinnamon. 

• Ears and Face: They have taller ears compared to their head size, and their facial profile is straight, from the forehead to the tip of the nose. 
• Claws: Their claws are shorter and more curved, enabling them to be excellent climbers.  

2. Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) 

• Size and Color: Grizzlies are larger than black bears, with adult males reaching 1.2 metres (3 to 4 feet) at shoulder height on all fours. Their fur ranges from dark brown to light blonde. 
• Hump: The most distinguishing characteristic of a grizzly bear is the pronounced muscular hump on their shoulders. 
• Face: Dished facial profile between the eyes and tip of the nose, round and short ears. 
• Claws: They have longer, straighter claws, not suitable for climbing but excellent for digging. 

3. Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) 

• Size and Color: Polar bears are the largest bear species, with adult males standing nearly 1 to 1.5 metres (3.5 to 5 feet) at the shoulder while on all fours. They have stark white fur, ideal for blending into their snowy surroundings. 
• Body Shape: Compared to other bear species, polar bears have a more elongated body, a narrow head, and a longer neck. 
• Paws: Polar bears have broad, long paws suited for swimming and walking across the ice and snow. 

Here's a closer look at the habitat and population of grizzly bears — one of the most iconic animals of the Canadian wilderness. 

Habitat and Diet

Grizzly bears are adaptable creatures and can be found in dense forests, alpine meadows, and even arctic tundra. 

Since they're omnivores, their food sources depend on their habitat and the season, but a typical grizzly diet includes berries, nuts, grasses, roots, insects, fish, and small mammals. They're also known to scavenge for leftovers from other predators.

Population Estimates 

The grizzly bear population in Canada is currently estimated to be about 26,000 bears with the majority (around 15,000) residing in British Columbia. 

However, population estimates can vary significantly based on data collection methodologies and the vast, remote habitats that grizzlies inhabit. 

Grizzlies used to roam across much of western North America, but land development, population growth, and aggressive hunting have caused a decline in their numbers. Today, grizzly bears in Canada are considered a species of concern in some regions, and conservation efforts are aimed at preserving their habitats and maintaining healthy population sizes. 

Black bears are the most common bear species in North America and can be found throughout Canada. These medium-sized bears are generally smaller and more adaptable than grizzly bears, adjusting to habitats closer to humans and altering their diets to survive. 

Habitat and Diet 

Black bears are adaptable creatures that can live in a wide range of habitats, including forested areas, mountain regions, and wetlands. 

They are also omnivores, typically eating roots, larvae, berries, fruits, nuts, insects, fish, and mammals like young elk and deer. Additionally, black bears in Canada have been known to scavenge from human-made food sources, such as garbage cans and campsites. 

Population Estimates 

The black bear population in Canada is estimated to be around 300,000 to 400,000. However, these estimates can change depending on methodology and data collection techniques. 

Black bears are generally more abundant than grizzly bears in Canada, partly because of their adaptability and broader habitat range. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining sustainable populations and limiting conflicts between bears and humans through public education and responsible management practices. 

Polar bears, the largest land carnivores on Earth, uphold an image that's synonymous with Arctic wilderness. These iconic inhabitants of the Arctic Circle have a lifestyle much different than their Southern counterparts due to their icy habitat. 

Habitat and Diet 

Polar bear habitats primarily encompass the Arctic sea ice where they hunt, breed, and sometimes den. The frigid environment of the Arctic, with its mix of sea ice and open water, is vital for their survival. 

Unlike black bears, polar bears are almost exclusively carnivorous, with a diet highly dependent on marine life. They are skilled swimmers and hunters, specializing in catching seals — particularly ringed seals and bearded seals. 

Population Estimates 

Global polar bear population estimates range from 22,000 to 31,000, according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It's important to note that these estimates often come with substantial uncertainty because of the challenges in surveying such large and remote areas. 

In Canada, home to about two-thirds of the world's polar bear population, regular monitoring is conducted across polar bear habitats. 

Concerns over declining sea ice due to climate change have led to the global "vulnerable" status of polar bears, highlighting the importance of ongoing research, monitoring, and conservation strategies. 

Bears are a crucial part of the ecosystem, and every encounter should prioritize respect and conservation. 

By obeying park rules, respecting bear territory, reporting bear sightings to park officials, and advocating for bear-aware policies, we can contribute to preserving these remarkable creatures for generations to come. 

Various initiatives are underway to protect Canada's bear population, including: 

• Rigorous scientific research and regular monitoring of bear populations to inform conservation strategies. 
• Preservation of habitats critical to the bears' survival to shield them from disruptive human activities. 
• Implementation of strict hunting regulations to maintain sustainable bear populations. 
• Public education programs to raise awareness about bears and reduce instances of human-bear conflict. 
• Collaboration among government agencies, non-profits, and indigenous communities to strengthen conservation efforts. 

However, bear species face substantial threats that challenge these conservation efforts: 

• Rapid habitat loss driven by urban development, logging, and resource extraction activities. 
• The serious impacts of climate change, particularly in the polar bear habitats in the Arctic regions where the sea ice is quickly disappearing. 
• Increasing human-bear conflicts as human activities push further into bear territories. 
• Inadequate funding and resources for comprehensive research and impactful conservation programs. 
• The pervasive issue of illegal hunting and poaching activities. 

The ongoing success of bear conservation in Canada comes down to continuous commitment to research, effective policy-making, and widespread public recognition of the importance of these iconic creatures. 

Bears' roles in Canada's ecological balance are important, reinforcing their status as keystone species. Their conservation and the preservation of their habitats directly affect the health and vitality of the ecosystem. 

Key aspects of their significance include: 

• Seed Dispersal: Bears contribute to plant diversity by dispersing seeds across large distances while consuming fruits and berries. 
• Prey Population Regulation: Opportunistic hunting by bears helps control herbivore populations (such as deer and elk), preventing overgrazing and preserving vegetation integrity. 
• Soil Fertility: Bears enhance soil fertility by leaving nutrient-rich droppings comprised of plant and animal matter, acting as a natural fertilizer to enrich forest ecosystems. 
• Indicator of Ecosystem Health: The presence and well-being of bears serve as a sign of a healthy, thriving ecosystem. 

Preserving bear habitats and placing emphasis on conservation contributes to the delicate balance of ecological processes and maintains the resilience of Canada's diverse wilderness. 

Bears hold significant ecological importance in Canada, contributing to healthy ecosystems and biodiversity. Responsible exploration and conservation efforts ensure their survival and let you witness these remarkable creatures in their natural habitats. 

Choosing environmental-conscious travel options like Canadian Train Vacations not only supports sustainable tourism but also lets you create lasting memories as you appreciate nature.